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How can I force the installation of updates at shutdown?

There doesn't appear to be any way at the present time to force the installation of updates at a shutdown. The best you can do to not require the user to have to select the "patch on shutdown" option is to make sure it is presented as the default choice by disabling the "Do not adjust default option" policy setting.

An alternative to not being able to force the "install on shutdown" is to set a deadline on the patch, which will force the installation of the update and then force a reboot. The order of events is reversed, but the net effect is the same.

By enabling the "Do not adjust" you've forced the workstation to display the last shutdown type as the default, which requires the user to change the option in order to effect the install on shutdown activity.

By enabling the "Do not display" you've forced the workstation to completely hide the option from the user, making it impossible to do an install on shutdown.

I believe the options you want, which are not a perfect solution, but the best available at the present time, is to disable both of these settings. Take note that both settings are written in the negative. (Note to Microsoft Developers -- we HATE GPO settings written in the negative!!).

If you enable "do not display".. it doesn't.
If you enable "do not adjust".. it doesn't

If you disable "do not display"... it does - every time.
If you disable "do not adjust"... it does - every time - and installing on shutdown becomes the default choice for every shutdown.